Literacy in Indian Akshara Languages and Other Transparent Orthographic Languages - Teacher Education Considerations

Srimani Chakravarthi, Gowramma Ittira Poovaiah

Abstract


Alphabet-based languages are more often researched in literacy acquisition and education than akshara languages. Languages that use alphasyllabaries including symbols, called aksharas, represent a large portion of the world languages, including the languages in the second most populous country, India. This conceptual research paper addresses teacher education in literacy related to akshara languages. Using theory and research base of existing alphabet and akshara acquisition, with teacher education standards for literacy in alphabet languages, this paper presents a model for teacher education in literacy for akshara languages. This framework provides teacher education standards and other considerations such as evaluation of teacher education curriculum and performance to enable data-based decision making in literacy instruction. The premise of this paper is to approach the problem of dismal literacy rates by drawing into the robust research in alphabetic language literacy education by using a systematic approach to target the source – pre-service teacher education. While the paper addresses examples of languages in India, other transparent orthographies that use symbols or aksharas can draw from this to inform their teacher education in literacy


Full Text:

PDF

References


ASER Center. (2022). Annual Status of Education Report 2022. https://img.asercentre.org/docs/ASER%202022%20report%20pdfs/All%20India%20documents/aser2022nationalfindings.pdf

Chauhan, C. P. S. (2008). Education and caste in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 28 (3), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188790802267332

Escamilla, K., Olsen, L., & Slavick, J. (2022). Toward Comprehensive Effective Literacy Policy and Instruction for English Learner/Emergent Bilingual Students. https://www.footsteps2brilliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NCEL-Effective-Literacy-White-Paper-FINAL.pdf

Goldenberg, C. (2020). Reading Wars, Reading Science and English Learners. Reading Research Quarterly, 55 (S1), pp. S131-S144. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.3440

International Dyslexia Association (2018). Knowledge and Practice Standards for Teachers of Reading. https://dyslexiaida.org/knowledge-and-practices

International Literacy Association. (2017). Standards for the Preparation of Literacy Professionals 2017. https://www.literacyworldwide.org/get-resources/standards/standards-2017

Joshi, R. M., Binks, E., Hougen, M., Dahlgren, M. E., Ocker-Dean, E., & Smith, D. L. (2009). Why elementary teachers might be inadequately prepared to teach reading. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42, 392-402.

Kapoor, A., Jhalani, A., Vinayak, N. & Zutshi, S. (2021). State of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy in India. Institute of Competitiveness & EAC-PM. https://competitiveness.in/wpcontent/uploads/2021/12/Report_on_state_of_foundational_learning_and_numeracy_web_version.pdf

Kilpatrick, D. A. (2015). Essentials of assessing, preventing, and overcoming reading difficulties. John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Kim, Y. S. G., Boyle, H. N., Zuilkowski, S. S., & Nakamura, P. (2016). Landscape Report on Early Grade Literacy. USAID.

Kosnik, C. & Beck, C. (2008). We taught them about literacy but what did they learn? The impact of a preservice teacher education program on the practices of beginning teachers. Studying Teacher Education, 4, 115-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425960802433603

Landerl, K., Castles, A., & Parrila, R. (2022). Cognitive Precursors of Reading: A Cross-Linguistic Perspective, Scientific Studies of Reading, 26 (2), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2021.1983820

Marasinghe, A., Wijaythilake, D. K., Parrila, R., Inoue, T. & Nag, S. (2018) Instruction Matters to the Development of Phoneme Awareness and Its Relationship to Akshara Knowledge and Word Reading: Evidence from Sinhala, Scientific Studies of Reading, 22 (5), 420-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2018.1466890

Menon, S., Krishnamurthy, R., Sajitha, S., Apte, N., Basargekar, A., Subramaniam, S., Nalkamani, M., & Modugala, M. (2017). Literacy Research in Indian Languages (LiRiL): Report of a Three-Year Longitudinal Study on Early Reading and Writing in Marathi and Kannada. Azim Premji University and Tata Trusts. http://eli.tiss.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/LiRIL-Project_Full-Report_Nov-2017.pdf

Ministry of Education (2021). National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with understanding and Numeracy NIPUN BHARAT Guidelines for implementation. Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education, Government of India. Retrieved from https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/nipun_bharat_eng1.pdf

Ministry of Education. (2021). National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with understanding and Numeracy NIPUN BHARAT Guidelines for implementation. Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education, Government of India. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/nipun_bharat_eng1.pdf

Misquitta, R., & Ghosh, A. (2021). FABLe: A Mobile Application to Assess and Build Foundational Literacy Skills for All Children, Including Children with Disabilities in India, International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 575-587. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2021.1901861

Mohanan, T. (1989). Syllable structure in Malayalam. Linguistic Inquiry, 20, 589–625.

Murty, L., Otake, T., & Cutler, A. (2007). Perceptual tests of rhythmic similarity: I. Mora rhythm. Language and Speech, 50(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309070500010401

NCF (2022). National curriculum framework for foundational stage. NCERT, New Delhi.

Nag-Arulmani, S. (2003). Reading difficulties in Indian languages. In N. Goulandris (Ed.), Dyslexia in different languages: Cross-linguistic comparisons. (pp. 235–254). Whurr.

Nag, S. (2007). Early reading in Kannada: The pace of acquisition of orthographic knowledge and phonemic awareness. Journal of Research in Reading, 30(1), 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2006.00329.x

Nag, S. (2011). The akshara languages: what do they tell us about children’s literacy learning? In R. Mishra and N. Srinivasan, (Eds.). Language-Cognition: State of the Art (pp. 272-290). Lincom Publishers.

Nag, S. (2014). Alphabetism and the science of reading: from the perspective of the akshara languages. Frontiers In Psychology, 5: 866. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00866

Nag, S. (2017). Learning to read Kannada and other languages of South Asia. In L. Verhoeven & C. Perfetti (Eds.), Learning to read across languages and writing systems (pp. 104–126). Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316155752.005

Nag, S. & Snowling, M. J. (2011). Reading comprehension, decoding and oral language. The EFLU Journal. English and Foreign Languages University, 2 (2), 75–93.

Nag, S., and Snowling, M. J. (2012). Reading in an Alphasyllabary: Implications for a Language-Universal Theory of Learning to Read. Scientific Studies of Reading, 16 (5), 404-423. http://doi.org.tr/10.1080/10888438.2011.576352

Nag, S., Treiman, R. & Snowling, M. J. (2010). Learning to spell in an alphasyllabary: The case of Kannada. Writing Systems Research, 2, 41–52. http://doi.org.tr/10.1093/wsr/wsq001

Nakamura, P & de Hoop, T. (2014). Facilitating Reading Acquisition in Multilingual Environments in India (FRAME-India) Final report. American Institutes for Research. https://www.air.org/sites/default/files/downloads/report/FRAME_Final%20Report_Final.pdf

Nakamura, P. R., Joshi, R. M., & Ji, X. R. (2017). Investigating the asymmetrical role of syllabic and phonemic awareness in akshara processing. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 51 (5), 499–506. doi: http://doi.org.tr/10.1177/0022219417718201

National Education Policy (2020). Ministry of Human Resource Development Government of India. https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/NEP_Final_English_0.pdf

National Reading Panel (2000). Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (National Institute of Health Publication No. 00-4769). National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/nrp/Documents/report.pdf

NCERT (2023). National Achievement Survey. https://ncert.nic.in/NAS.php

Sailaja, P. (2007). Writing systems and phonological awareness. In Bayer, J., Bhattacharya, T. & Batra, M. T. H. (Eds.), Linguistic theory and south Asian languages: Essays in honour of K. A. Jayaseelan (pp. 249–265). Linguistics theory and South Asian Languages. John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/la.102

Scarborough, H. S. (2001). Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (dis)abilities: Evidence, theory, and practice. In S. Neuman & D. Dickinson (Eds.), Handbook for research in early literacy (pp. 97-110). Guilford Press.

Spear-Swerling, L. (2007). The research-practice divide in beginning reading. Theory into Practice, 46 (4), 301-308. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405840701593881

UNICEF (2019). Guidelines for Design and Implementation of Early Learning Programmes. UNICEF and LLF, New Delhi.

Vaid, J. & Gupta, A. (2002). Exploring word recognition in a semi-alphabetic script: The case of Devanagari. Brain and Language, 81, 679–690. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2001.2556

Vaid, J., Padakannaya, P. Reading and writing in semi-syllabic scripts: An introduction. Reading and Writing 17, 1–6 (2004). doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:READ.0000013861.42512.b0

Wali, A., Sproat, R., Padakannaya, P., & Bhuvaneshwari, B. (2009). Model for phonemic awareness in readers of Indian script. Written Language & Literacy, 12(2), 161-169. doi: https://doi.org/10.1075/wll.12.2.02wal




DOI: https://doi.org/10.51383/ijonmes.2023.329

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c) 2023 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.